Causes of TMJ dysfunction include teeth grinding, habitual gum chewing or nail-biting, dental problems (jaw abnormalities or missing teeth) and trauma or injury to the jaws. Occupational tasks (holding the phone between the head and the shoulder, staying hunched over the computer for extended periods of time) that trigger muscle imbalances in the neck and shoulder also play a role.
When muscle imbalance is a contributing factor, the TMJ attempts to compensate for the misalignment. Normally, TMJ motion is smooth and coordinated, allowing the jaw to move in several directions including side to side, forward / backward and open / close. When the movement becomes imbalanced, the result is increased strain on the ligaments and the muscles of the jaw. This can lead to a number of symptoms including jaw and facial pain, clicking and popping when opening and closing the mouth, difficulty opening the jaw, neck pain, and headaches.
Stress is a common trigger for TMJ dysfunction. Self-awareness and relaxation techniques can be beneficial. Avoiding hard, crunchy, or chewy foods help reduce pain. Hot or cold towels can alleviate swelling or muscle spasms and further help in pain reduction.